小編今天整理了一些2023年11月23日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案 請(qǐng)問(wèn)2023年8月1日雅思閱讀考試真題答案相關(guān)內(nèi)容,希望能夠幫到大家。
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2023年11月23日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案
您好,我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢(mèng)想的路上,選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè),準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)考試,都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的留學(xué)顧問(wèn),我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時(shí)提問(wèn)!
上周完成了最新的雅思考試,那么你知道考試的情況怎么樣嘛?來(lái)跟著小鐘老師一起看一看2023年11月23日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案。
一、考題解析
P1 The History of Bicycles
P2 Soccer
P3 Relish the Flavor
二、名師點(diǎn)評(píng)
1. 本次考試:難度中等。
2. 整體分析:涉及歷史類(P1)、人文類(P2)和科學(xué)類(P3)。
相較于11月份的前兩場(chǎng)考試,本場(chǎng)考試難度適中,主要原因在于考生擅長(zhǎng)的題型判斷和填空的數(shù)量仍然維持在20題左右;據(jù)考生回憶,此次題型比較多樣,涉及填空、選擇、判斷和配對(duì)等題型。另外,第一二篇的難度稍微偏低,但第三篇由于文章題材相對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)比較生僻,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了有NB的段落信息匹配題,考生普遍反映做題速度偏慢。因此小鐘老師建議考生在接下來(lái)的備考中要熟練掌握搭配題型的做法,同時(shí)集中對(duì)不熟悉的題材加強(qiáng)閱讀以補(bǔ)充背景知識(shí)和專業(yè)詞匯。
3. 主要題型:
本次考試題型比較常規(guī)。主流題型仍然是填空和判斷,同時(shí)選擇題和段落信息配對(duì)題應(yīng)是考生需要重點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)備的題型。
4. 文章分析:
第一篇文章主要介紹自行車的發(fā)展歷史。
第二篇文章主要介紹足球的發(fā)展歷程。
第三篇文章主要介紹針對(duì)氣味的各項(xiàng)研究。
5. 部分答案及參考文章:
Passage 1:The History of Bicycles
題型搭配:填空9+判斷4
原文待補(bǔ)充
1. doubts
2. toy
3. *ooth
4. tracks
5. speed
6. rubber
7. seat
8. stability
9. skirt
10. TRUE
11. NOT GIVEN
12. FALSE
13. TRUE
技巧分析:本文是常規(guī)的填空加判斷組合,注意交叉出題的方式。同學(xué)們?cè)诙ㄎ簧蠎?yīng)注意判斷題前兩題的定位,同時(shí)由于此篇文章難度偏低,建議在保證正確率的同時(shí)提高速度。
Passage 2:Soccer
題型:待補(bǔ)充
原文待補(bǔ)充
答案待補(bǔ)充
技巧分析待補(bǔ)充
Passage 3:Relish the Flavor
題型:段落信息匹配5+判斷5+人名觀點(diǎn)匹配4
原文待補(bǔ)充
27. C
28. F
29. A
30. E
31. F
32. FALSE
33. TRUE
34. NOT GIVEN
35. FALSE
36. NOT GIVEN
37. D
38. E
39. B
40. F
技巧分析:本文是段落信息匹配、人名觀點(diǎn)配對(duì)和判斷題搭配的題型,仍然屬于常規(guī)題型,但由于其位于第三篇文章,難度系數(shù)增加,在時(shí)間非常緊迫的情況下,建議大家先做人名觀點(diǎn)和判斷題,同時(shí)對(duì)于相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的段落信息匹配可以一網(wǎng)打盡,剩余的題目可以通過(guò)出題區(qū)域來(lái)卡答案。
三、考試預(yù)測(cè)
1. 2023年11月第四場(chǎng)考試,難度中等。根據(jù)全年考試特點(diǎn)來(lái)看,配對(duì)題中段落信息匹配題仍然為重中之重,考生應(yīng)著重此題型和其套題的相關(guān)練習(xí)。
2. 下場(chǎng)考試的話題可能有關(guān)科學(xué)類,傳記類和社會(huì)生活類。
3. 重點(diǎn)瀏覽2023年機(jī)經(jīng)。
希望以上的答復(fù)能對(duì)您的留學(xué)申請(qǐng)有所幫助。如果您有任何更詳細(xì)的問(wèn)題或需要進(jìn)一步的協(xié)助,我強(qiáng)烈推薦您訪問(wèn)我們的留學(xué)官方網(wǎng)站
,在那里您可以找到更多專業(yè)的留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)資料以及*的咨詢服務(wù)。祝您留學(xué)申請(qǐng)順利!
2019年5月11日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案
上周的雅思考試已經(jīng)圓滿結(jié)束,真題及答案也新鮮出爐。下面來(lái)跟著看一看2019年5月11日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案。
真題
P1 Multiple Intelligences教育學(xué)的多元智能理論(舊題)
P2獨(dú)特的金色紡織品蜘蛛絲與紡織品(舊題)
P3 persuation的秘密營(yíng)銷勸導(dǎo)(舊題)
第1段:教育學(xué)的多元智能理論
1,T
2,T
3,NG
4,F(xiàn)
5,討論
6,錄音
7,obervation技能
8,建筑材料
9,情緒
10,收藏
11,熟練掌握
12,失敗
13,個(gè)人差異
第2段:蜘蛛絲
1,VII
2,V
3,九
4,I
5,靜脈
6,六
7,B
8,A
9,C
10,A
11,細(xì)菌
12,腺
13,力
第3段:勸說(shuō)的秘密心理學(xué)的說(shuō)服理論
Cialdini的毛巾實(shí)驗(yàn)(稍后更多)是他研究我們?nèi)绾握f(shuō)服別人說(shuō)是的一部分。他想知道為什么有些人有歪曲別人意志的訣竅,是一個(gè)*冷靜的人打*給你談?wù)摲謺r(shí)度假,還是父母的孩子即使沒(méi)有極端暴力的威脅也是如此。雖然他急于不被視為為蛇油*人員寫圣經(jīng)的人,但幾十年來(lái),亞利桑那州立大學(xué)社會(huì)心理學(xué)教授一直在為說(shuō)服原則和方法創(chuàng)建系統(tǒng),并撰寫有關(guān)它們的暢銷書。有些人似乎天生具備這些技能,Cialdini聲稱通過(guò)應(yīng)用一點(diǎn)科學(xué),即使是我們這些不應(yīng)該能夠更頻繁地走自己路的人。
B他發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)服心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)只講述了故事的一部分,所以他開(kāi)始在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中研究影響力,參加*培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃:“我學(xué)會(huì)了如何從很多地方*汽車,如何從辦公室*保險(xiǎn),如何*門到門的百科全書“。他總結(jié)說(shuō),有六種一般的“影響原則”,并且在稍微更科學(xué)的條件下對(duì)它們進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。最近,這意味著要弄亂毛巾。許多酒店在每個(gè)浴室都留下一張小卡片,要求客人重復(fù)使用毛巾,從而節(jié)約水和電,減少污染。Cialdini和他的同事想要測(cè)試不同單詞在這些卡上的相對(duì)有效性??腿耸欠裼袆?dòng)力合作只是因?yàn)樗兄谡鹊厍颍€是其他因素更引人注目?為了測(cè)試這一點(diǎn),研究人員將卡片的信息從環(huán)境信息轉(zhuǎn)換為大多數(shù)信息的簡(jiǎn)單(和真實(shí))聲明
酒店的客人至少重復(fù)使用過(guò)一次毛巾。收到此消息的客人重復(fù)使用毛巾的可能性比舊消息的26%。
C毛巾很多。Cialdini也從糖果中學(xué)到了很多東西。是! 引用新澤西州行為科學(xué)家大衛(wèi)·斯特羅梅茨的作品,他想看看餐館顧客如何回應(yīng)他們的食物服務(wù)器上的一個(gè)可笑的小恩惠,以每餐晚餐的餐后巧克力的形式??磥?lái),秘訣在于你如何給巧克力。當(dāng)巧克力與賬單到達(dá)時(shí)。與沒(méi)有巧克力的時(shí)候相比,提示吝嗇3%。但是當(dāng)巧克力被單獨(dú)丟棄在每個(gè)用餐者面前時(shí),提示上升了14%。然而,科學(xué)突破發(fā)生在服務(wù)員給每個(gè)用餐者一個(gè)巧克力,離開(kāi)餐桌然后翻了一倍再給他們一個(gè),好像這樣的慷慨只發(fā)生在她身上。小貼士上漲23%。這是行動(dòng)中的“互惠”:
Aucldand's Soul Bar的運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)理D Geeling Ng表示,她從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)新西蘭等候工作人員使用這種玩世不恭的伎倆,尤其是因?yàn)樾挛魈m的小費(fèi)文化與美國(guó)不同:“如果你在新西蘭這樣做,當(dāng)食客們離開(kāi)時(shí),他們會(huì)說(shuō)我們能有更多嗎?“但她當(dāng)然理解互惠的一般原則。到餐館的心臟的方式是“給他們一些他們?cè)诜?wù)方面不期望的東西”。它可能就像在盤子上留下薄荷一樣小,或者可能記得上次他們?cè)谒麄兿胍乃袥](méi)有冰和沒(méi)有檸檬?!霸诿绹?guó),它將轉(zhuǎn)化為即時(shí)提示。在新西蘭,它轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)巨大的微笑并感謝你?!昂翢o(wú)疑問(wèn),回訪。
PERSUASION原則
E互惠:人們想要回饋那些給予他們的人。這里的訣竅是先進(jìn)入。這就是為什么慈善機(jī)構(gòu)在郵件中放入一支蹩腳的筆,以及為什么超市中的微笑女性會(huì)分發(fā)免費(fèi)食物。稀缺性:人們需要更多可以擁有的東西。廣告商無(wú)情地利用稀缺性(“每個(gè)客戶限制四個(gè)”,“*必須很快結(jié)束”),Cialdini建議父母也這樣做:“孩子們想要的東西不那么可用,所以說(shuō)'這是一個(gè)不尋常的機(jī)會(huì),你只能擁有這個(gè)一段時(shí)間'?!?
權(quán)威:我們相信那些知道他們?cè)谡務(wù)撌裁吹娜恕R虼?,在您開(kāi)始影響他們之前,請(qǐng)誠(chéng)實(shí)地告知人們您的憑據(jù)?!澳銜?huì)驚訝于有多少人沒(méi)有做到這一點(diǎn),”Cialdini說(shuō)。“他們覺(jué)得談?wù)撍麄兊膶I(yè)知識(shí)是不禮貌的?!痹谝豁?xiàng)研究中,建議患者不做運(yùn)動(dòng)的治療師突出顯示他們的資格證書。他們確實(shí)做到了,并且在患者依從性方面立即實(shí)現(xiàn)了飛躍。承諾/一致性:我們希望以符合我們已經(jīng)做出的承諾的方式行事。在征求慈善捐款時(shí),利用這一點(diǎn)來(lái)獲得更高的注冊(cè)率。首先詢問(wèn)同事是否認(rèn)為他們會(huì)贊助你的雞蛋和勺子馬拉松比賽。膠乳
以贊助形式返回給那些說(shuō)是并提醒他們?cè)缧r(shí)候的人
承諾。
喜歡:我們經(jīng)常對(duì)我們喜歡的人說(shuō)“是”。很明顯,但“喜歡”的原因可能很奇怪。在一項(xiàng)研究中,人們收到了調(diào)查表格,并要求將他們歸還給一位名叫研究員。當(dāng)研究人員給出一個(gè)類似于該主題的假名時(shí)(例如,辛西婭約翰遜被“辛迪約翰遜”送去調(diào)查),調(diào)查的可能性是完成的兩倍。我們喜歡與我們相似的人,即使這些相似之處與他們名字的聲音一樣小。社會(huì)證明:“我們通過(guò)環(huán)顧四周來(lái)看看其他人和我們一樣在做什么來(lái)決定做什么。Cialdini說(shuō),對(duì)父母有用?!罢业揭蝗汉⒆?,他們表現(xiàn)得像你希望你的孩子一樣,因?yàn)楹⒆涌聪蛞贿叾皇悄恪!备泻Γ?
問(wèn)題14-17
以下陳述是否與閱讀第2段中的信息一致?
如果聲明同意該信息,則為TRUE
如果聲明與信息相矛盾,則為FALSE
如果沒(méi)有相關(guān)信息,請(qǐng)不要提供
14 Robert Cialdini在家中體驗(yàn)了“說(shuō)服原則”。
15說(shuō)服原則在兩個(gè)不同的國(guó)家有不同的類型。
16在新西蘭,人們傾向于在服務(wù)巧克力后給服務(wù)員提示。
17原則上,餐館的額外服務(wù)很容易吸引新西蘭的老一代
互惠。
問(wèn)題18-21
選擇正確的字母A,B,C或D.
18 Cialdinienrollin在B段中的“*培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃”是什么?
他的興趣在于學(xué)術(shù)部分。
B他研究秘密說(shuō)服力的動(dòng)機(jī)。
C他的教授身份使他很容易進(jìn)入這個(gè)過(guò)程。
D本課程與他進(jìn)行的毛巾實(shí)驗(yàn)有關(guān)。
19關(guān)于Robert Cialdini,以下哪項(xiàng)不正確?
他是大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)心理學(xué)家。
B他是皂甙*的代表。
C他參加了一個(gè)*培訓(xùn)課程。
他和同事們進(jìn)行了毛巾實(shí)驗(yàn)。
20根據(jù)毛巾實(shí)驗(yàn),以下哪項(xiàng)是正確的?
這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的靈感來(lái)源于勸說(shuō)科學(xué)。
B不同的消息對(duì)賓客有不同的影響。
C客戶在重新發(fā)布消息后表現(xiàn)得更加生態(tài)。
D酒店留下卡片要求客人關(guān)燈。
21根據(jù)糖果店實(shí)驗(yàn)中的哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?
呈現(xiàn)方式會(huì)影響用餐者的提示。
B??捅确钦?guī)客戶提供更多提示。
C人們只在提供巧克力時(shí)給出提示。
D巧克力與法案得到更高的提示。
問(wèn)題22-26
使用段落中的信息來(lái)匹配類別(列出的AI)以及下面的正確描述
一個(gè)奇特的頭銜
B先前的承諾
C憤世嫉俗的伎倆
D不尋常的機(jī)會(huì)
引人注目的消息
F不良行為
G相對(duì)值
H競(jìng)爭(zhēng)唯物主義
我的名字相似
22巧克力實(shí)驗(yàn)表明人們不會(huì)在獲得和獲得之間評(píng)估_____
發(fā)行。
23父母用“互惠原則”來(lái)說(shuō)服他們的孩子'是____*他們
珍愛(ài)。
24專家不會(huì)出示他們的證書,因?yàn)樗赡鼙灰暈開(kāi)_____炫耀。
25如果他們對(duì)你的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)說(shuō)“是”,你可以提醒那些進(jìn)一步承諾的人
提案。
調(diào)查組織者和受訪者之間的A_____將有助于調(diào)查以積極的方式進(jìn)行
辦法。
勸說(shuō)的秘密
沒(méi)有給
真正
假
沒(méi)有給
BBBAGDFBI
請(qǐng)問(wèn)2023年8月1日雅思閱讀考試真題答案
您好,我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。選擇留學(xué)是人生重要的決策之一,而作為您的指導(dǎo),我非常高興能為您提供最準(zhǔn)確的留學(xué)解答和規(guī)劃。無(wú)論您的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于考試準(zhǔn)備、專業(yè)選擇、申請(qǐng)流程還是學(xué)校信息,我都在這里為您解答。更多留學(xué)資訊和學(xué)校招生介紹,歡迎隨時(shí)訪問(wèn)。
8月1號(hào)進(jìn)行了八月初的第一場(chǎng)雅思的考試,相信大家對(duì)真題以及答案會(huì)非常的感興趣、今天就由小鐘老師為大家介紹2023年8月1日雅思閱讀考試真題答案。
一、考題解析
P1 土地沙漠化
P2 澳大利亞的鸚鵡
P3 多重任務(wù)
二、名師點(diǎn)評(píng)
1.8月份首場(chǎng)考試的難度總體中等,有出現(xiàn)比較多的配對(duì)題,沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)Heading題,其余主要以常規(guī)的填空,判斷和選擇題為主。文章的話題和題型搭配也是在劍橋真題中都有跡可循,所以備考重心依然還是劍橋官方真題。
2. 整體分析:涉及環(huán)境類(P1)、動(dòng)物類(P2)、社科類(P3)。
本次考試的P2和P3均為舊題。P2是動(dòng)物類的話題,題型組合為:段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)+單選+summary填空,難度中等。題型上也延續(xù)19年的出題特點(diǎn),出現(xiàn)配對(duì)題,考察定位速度和準(zhǔn)確度。P3也出現(xiàn)了段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì),主要是段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)+單選+判斷。三種題型難度中等,但是文章理解起來(lái)略有難度。
3. 部分答案及參考文章:
Passage 1:土地沙漠化
題型及答案待確認(rèn)
Passage 2:澳大利亞的鸚鵡
題型:段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)+單選+Summary填空
技巧分析:由于段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)是完全亂序出題,在定位時(shí)需要先做后面的單選題及填空題,最大化利用已讀信息來(lái)確定答案,盡量避免重復(fù)閱讀,以保證充分的做題時(shí)間。
文章內(nèi)容及題目參考:
A 概況,關(guān)于一個(gè)大的生物種類
B 一些物種消失的原因,題干關(guān)鍵詞:an example of one bird species extinct
C 一種鸚鵡不能自己存活,以捕食另一種鳥(niǎo)為生,吃該鳥(niǎo)類的蛋。題干關(guān)鍵詞:two species competed at the expense of oneanother
D 吸引鸚鵡的原因以及鸚鵡嘴的特點(diǎn)。題干關(guān)鍵詞:*ysis of reasons as Australian landscapeattract parrots
E 植物是如何適應(yīng)鸚鵡。題干關(guān)鍵詞:plants attract birds which make the animal adaptto the environment
F 南半球?qū)τ⒄Z(yǔ)的影響
G 兩種鸚鵡從環(huán)境改變中獲益并存活下來(lái)。題干關(guān)鍵詞:two species of parrots benefit fromm theenvironment change
H 外來(lái)物種及本地鸚鵡
I 鳥(niǎo)類棲息地被破壞以及人類采取的措施
J 作者對(duì)于鸚鵡問(wèn)題的態(tài)度
單選題:
why parrots in the whole world are lineal descendants of
選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞:continent split from Africa
the writer thinks parrots species beak is for
選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞:adjust to their suitable diet
which one is not mentioned
選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞:should be frequently maintained
填空題:分布在文章的前兩段
one-sixth
16th century
mapmaker
John Gould
Passage 3:多重任務(wù)
題型:段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)+單選+判斷
參考答案及文章
28 F
29I
30C
31B
32G
33C
34B
35A
36YES
37YES
38NO
39NOT GIVEN
40NO
Passage3: multitasking
Multitasking Debate—Can you do them at the same time?
Talking on the phone while driving isn't the only situationwhere we're worse at multitasking than we might like to think we are. Newstudies have identified a bottleneck in our brains that some say means we arefundamentally incapable of true multitasking. If experimental findings reflectreal-world performance, people who think they are multitasking are probablyjust underperforming in all-or at best, all but one -of their parallelpursuits. Practice might improve your performance, but you will never be asgood as when focusing on one task at a time.
The problem, according to René Marois, a psychologist atVanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, is that there's a sticking pointin the brain. To demonstrate this, Marois devised an experiment to locate nteers watch a screen and when a particular image appears, a red circle,say, they have to press a key with their index finger. Different colouredcircles require presses from different fingers. Typical response time is about half a second, and thevolunteers quickly reach their peak performance. Then they learn to listen todifferent recordings and respond by making a specific sound. For instance, whenthey hear a bird chirp, they have to say "ba"; an electronic soundshould elicit a "ko", and so on. Again, no problem. A normal personcan do that in about half a second, with almost no effort. The trouble comeswhen Marois shows the volunteers an image, then almost immediately plays them asound. Now they're flummoxed. "If you show an image and play a sound atthe same time, one task is postponed," he says. In fact,if the second taskis introduced within the half-second or so it takes to process and react to thefirst, it will simply be delayed until the first one is done. The largestdual-task delays occur when the two tasks are presented simultaneously; delaysprogressively shorten as the interval between presenting the tasks lengthens(See Diagram).
There are at least three points where we seem to getstuck, says Marois. The first is in simply identifying what we're looking can take a few tenths of a second, during which time we are not able tosee and recognise a second item. This limitation is known as the"attentional blink": experiments have shown that if you're watchingout for a particular event and a second one shows up unexpectedly any timewithin this crucial window of concentration, it may register in your visualcortex but you will be unable to act upon it. Interestingly, if you don'texpect the first event, you have no trouble responding to the second. Whatexactly causes the attentional blink is still a matter for debate.
A second limitation is in our short-term visual 's estimated that we can keep track of about four items at a time, fewer ifthey are complex. This capacity shortage is thought to explain, in part, our astonishinginability to detect even huge changes in scenes that are otherwise identical,so-called "change blindness". Show people pairs of near-identicalphotos -say, aircraft engines in one picture have disappeared in the other -andthey will fail to spot the differences (if you don't believe it, check out theclips at /~rensink/flicker/download). Here again, though, thereis disagreement about what the essential limiting factor really is. Does itcome down to a dearth of storage capacity, or is it about how much attention aviewer is paying?
A third limitation is that choosing a response to astimulus -braking when you see a child in the road, for instance,or replyingwhen your mother tells you over the phone that she's thinking of leaving yourdad -also takes brainpower. Selecting a response to one of these things willdelay by some tenths of a second your ability to respond to the other. This iscalled the "response selection bottleneck" theory, first proposed in1952.
Last December, Marois and his colleagues published apaper arguing that this bottleneck is in fact created in two different areas ofthe brain: one in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex and another in thesuperior medial frontal cortex (Neuron, vol 52, p 1109). They found this byscanning people's brains with functional MRI while the subjects struggled tochoose among eight possible responses to each of two closely timed tasks. Theydiscovered that these brain areas are not tied to any particular sense but aregenerally involved in selecting responses, and they seemed to queue theseresponses when presented with multiple tasks concurrently.
Bottleneck? What bottleneck?
But David Meyer, a psychologist at the University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, doesn't buy the bottleneck idea. He thinks dual-taskinterference is just evidence of a strategy used by the brain to prioritisemultiple activities. Meyer is known as something of an optimist by his has written papers with titles like "Virtually perfect time-sharing indual-task performance: Uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck"(Psychological Science, vol 12, p101). His experiments have shown that withenough practice -at least 2000 tries -some people can execute two taskssimultaneously as competently as if they were doing them one after the suggests that there is a central cognitive processor that coordinates allthis and, what's more, he thinks it uses discretion: sometimes it chooses todelay one task while completing another.
Even with practice, not all people manage to achieve thisharmonious time-share, however. Meyer argues that individual differences comedown to variations in the character of the processor -some brains are just more"cautious", some more "daring". And despite urban legend,there are no noticeable
differences between men and women. So, according to him,it's not a central bottleneck that causes dual-task interference, but rather"adaptive executive control", which "schedules task processesappropriately to obey instructions about their relative priorities and serialorder".
Marois agrees that practice can sometimes eraseinterference effects. He has found that with just 1 hour of practice each dayfor two weeks, volunteers show a huge improvement at managing both his tasks atonce. Where he disagrees with Meyer is in what the brain is doing to achievethis. Marois speculates that practice might give us the chance to find lesscongested circuits to execute a task -rather like finding trusty back streetsto avoid heavy traffic on main roads -effectively making our response to thetask subconscious. After all, there are plenty of examples of subconsciou*ultitasking that most of us routinely manage: walking and talking, eating andreading, watching TV and folding the laundry.
But while some dual tasks benefit from practice, otherssimply do not. "Certain kinds of tasks are really hard to do two atonce," says Pierre Jolicoeur at the University of Montreal, Canada, whoalso studies multitasking. Dual tasks involving a visual stimulus andskeletal-motor response (which he dubs "in the eye and out the hand")and an auditory stimulus with a verbal response ("in the ear and out themouth") do seem to be amenable to practice, he says. Jolicoeur has foundthat with enough training such tasks can be performed as well together asapart. He speculates that the brain connections that they use may be somehowspecial, because we learn to speak by hearing and learn to move by looking. Butpair visual input with a verbal response, or sound to motor, and there's nodramatic improvement. "It looks like no amount of practice will allow youto combine these," he says.
For research purposes, these experiments have to be keptsimple. Real-world multitasking poses much greater challenges. Even the upbeatMeyer is sceptical about how a lot of us live our lives. Instant-messaging andtrying to do your homework? "It can't be done," he says. Conducting ajob interview while answering emails? "There's no way you wind up being asgood." Needless to say, there appear to be no researchers in the area ofmultitasking who believe that you can safely drive a car and carry on a phoneconversation. In fact, last year David Strayer at the University of Utah inSalt Lake City reported that people using cellphones drive no better thandrunks (Human Factors, vol 48, p 381). In another study, Strayer found thatusing a hands-free kit did not improve a driver's response time. He concludedthat what distracts a driver so badly is the very act of talking to someone whoisn't present in the car and therefore is unaware of the hazards facing thedriver.
“No researchers believe it's safe to drive a car andcarry on a phone conversation”
It probably comes as no surprise that, generallyspeaking, we get worse at multitasking as we age. According to Art Kramer atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who studies how ageing affectsour cognitive abilities, we peak in our 20s. Though the decline is slow throughour 30s and on into our 50s, it is there; and after 55, it becomes moreprecipitous. In one study, he and his colleagues had both young and oldparticipants do a simulated driving task while carrying on a conversation. Hefound that while young drivers tended to miss background changes, older driversfailed to notice things that were highly relevant. Likewise, older subjects hadmore trouble paying attention to the more important parts of a scene than youngdrivers.
It's not all bad news for over-55s, though. Kramer alsofound that older people can benefit from practice. Not only did they learn toperform better, brain scans showed that underlying that improvement was achange in the way their brains become active.
Whileit's clear that practice can often make a difference, especially as we age, thebasic facts remain sobering. "We have this impression of an almightycomplex brain," says Marois, "and yet we have very humbling andcrippling limits." For most of our history, we probably never needed to domore than one thing at a time, he says, and so we haven't evolved to be ableto. Perhaps we will in future, though. We might yet look back one day on peoplelike Debbie and Alun as ancestors of a new breed of true multitaskers.
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